Closed-Loop Neuromodulation Device for Refractory Epilepsy with Seizure Onset Detection

Drug-resistant epilepsy imposes a heavy burden on patients, and conventional open-loop neuromodulation devices deliver fixed electrical stimulation regardless of electrographic changes, leading to suboptimal therapeutic efficacy and unnecessary power consumption. Closed-loop responsive neurostimulation, by contrast, can detect pre-ictal electrocorticographic signatures and trigger targeted stimulation before clinical seizure onset. This paper reports an implantable closed-loop neuromodulation device with low-power on-chip signal processing circuits. The system continuously records intracranial electroencephalographic signals, executes real-time seizure precursor detection using lightweight convolutional neural networks, and delivers localized electrical pulses to epileptic foci once warning biomarkers are identified. The device supports wireless data telemetry and on-demand parameter adjustment by clinicians. Preliminary clinical pilot data indicate a marked reduction in seizure frequency compared with continuous stimulation protocols. Concerns remain regarding the generalization of detection algorithms across heterogeneous patient electrophysiological patterns and the long-term stability of electrode-tissue interfaces. This responsive neuromodulation device advances the individualized intervention of refractory epilepsy.